ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El cáncer de mama puede originar de forma muy excepcional metástasis en órganos genitales. Estas suelen presentarse de forma asintomática siendo su diagnóstico generalmente tardío. En el estudio de la enfermedad diseminada la tomografía de emisión de positrones con fluordeoxiglucosa asociada a la tomografía computada (FDG PET/CT) juega un rol importante, sin embargo presenta limitantes al momento de diferenciar entre lesiones secundarias, primarias y neoplasias benignas que pueden tener elevada captación de fluordeoxiglucosa (1). Por lo expuesto anteriormente el diagnóstico de certeza solo puede realizarse mediante el estudio anatomopatológico. El caso presentado a continuación abarca uno de los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales con FDG PET/CT que evidencia un incremento en la captación de fluordeoxiglucosa.
ABSTRACT Breast cancer rarely metastasize on pelvic organs and its diagnosis is often delayed due to the asymptomatic nature of this disease. Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG PET/CT) is a useful method for early diagnosis. However, may present a false positive diagnosis from benign lesions that have an increased uptake of glucose. We present a case in which a patient who had breast cancer had an increase glucose uptake in FDG PET/CT from a benign lesion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Leiomyoma/pathology , Uterine Neoplasms/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Positron Emission Tomography Computed TomographyABSTRACT
Uterine leiomyomas (ULs) are benign monoclonal tumors that arise from the underlying myometrial tissue in the uterus. Effective therapies are still lacking because of poor understanding of the pathophysiology and epidemiology. Hence, it is urgent to establish efficient animal models to screen novel anti-UL therapies. In this study, for the first time, traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine were combined to establish an animal model of ULs in rats. In order to evaluate the function and value of the novel model, it was compared with other models. The long-term and short-term rat models for ULs were established using progesterone and diethylstilbestrol. Rats in Qi stagnation and blood stasis group were injected with epinephrine hydrochloride and received chronic unpredictable stress for two weeks. Rats in combining disease with syndrome group (CDWSG) received not only epinephrine hydrochloride injection and chronic unpredictable stress but also progesterone and diethylstilbestrol treatment. We analyzed differences in organ coefficient, uterus size, uterine pathology, concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, expression of desmin, α-smooth muscle actin, and vimentin among the five groups. The animal model of ULs was successfully constructed by loading the rats with estrogen and progesterone. The rat model of CDWSG was more stable than other groups and the method was the most efficient.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Uterine Neoplasms/chemically induced , Disease Models, Animal , Leiomyoma/chemically induced , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Progesterone/administration & dosage , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunohistochemistry , Epinephrine/administration & dosage , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Diethylstilbestrol/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Resumen ANTECEDENTES: el sangrado uterino anormal por miomatosis intramural de pequeños elementos es una indicación frecuente de histerectomía; el tratamiento hormonal puede disminuir la necesidad de esta cirugía. OBJETIVO: evaluar si con el sistema liberador de levonorgestrel disminuye el sangrado uterino anormal por miomatosis intramural de pequeños elementos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: ensayo clínico fase II de un solo brazo al que se incluyeron mujeres de 35 a 45 años de edad, con diagnóstico de sangrado uterino anormal por miomatosis intramural de pequeños elementos, con útero menor a 12 cm (eje longitudinal por ultrasonido) y biopsia de endometrio sin enfermedad maligna; a todas se les colocó el sistema liberador de levonorgestrel. Se evaluó: el sangrado con la escala PBACs (Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart score), el dolor pélvico con escala de EVA, la recuperación hematológica (hemoglobina sérica), volumen uterino (mm3) y recuperación de la actividad física y sexual antes de la colocación del sistema liberador de levonorgestrel y a los 3, 6 y 9 meses posteriores. RESULTADOS: se estudiaron 20 pacientes, de éstas 3 con histerectomía antes de cumplir los tres meses de seguimiento. A los tres meses 76.4% (IC 95%: 55.9-97) redujeron el sangrado en más de 50% del basal, a los seis meses todas habían reducido más de 50% el sangrado y a los nueve meses, nueve eran amenorreicas, el resto con reducción promedio de 90%. El dolor se redujo y permitió recuperar la actividad física y sexual en 90% de los casos. Las concentraciones de hemoglobina se incrementaron, en promedio, 0.8 g/dL, y no hubo reducción clínicamente significativa del tamaño uterino. CONCLUSIONES: el sistema liberador de levonorgestrel disminuyó de manera muy significativa el sangrado uterino anormal por miomatosis intramural de pequeños elementos a partir de los tres meses de tratamiento.
Abstract BACKGROUND: abnormal uterine bleeding due to small intramural leiomyomas is a frequent indication of hysterectomy; hormone treatment may decrease the need for this surgery. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate if using the levonorgestreal-releasing system decreases abnormal uterine bleeding caused by small intramural leiomyomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a phase II single arm clinical trial that included women from 35 to 45 years with a diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding caused by small intramural leiomyomas in less than 12 cm uteri (longitudinal axis on ultrasound) and endometrial biopsy with no malignant disease; all the women had the levonorgestrel-releasing system placed. We evaluated: bleeding with the PBAC scale (Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart score), pelvic pain with the EVA scale, hematological recovery (serum hemoglobin), uterine volume (mm3) and recovery of physical and sexual activity before placement of the levonorgestrel-releasing system 3, 6 and 9 months later. RESULTS: 20 patients were studied, 3 of these had a hysterectomy before the three month follow up period. After three months 76.4% % (IC 95%: 55.9-97) decreased bleeding more than 50% compared to baseline, after six months, all had decreased bleeding more than 50% and at nine months, nine had amenorrhea and the rest had an average reduction of 90%. Pain decreased and allowed them to recover physical and sexual activity in 90% of cases. Concentrations of hemoglobin increased an average of 0.8 g/dL and there was no clinically significant reduction of the uterine size. CONCLUSIONS: the levonorgestrel-releasing system significantly decreased abnormal uterine bleeding caused by small intramural leiomyomas after three months of treatment.
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[Objective]This paper mainly introduces the academic thoughts and clinical experience of professor LU Qibin in diagnosing and treating gynecological tumor. [Methods]To elaborate Professor LU 's experience in the diagnosis and treatment of gynecological tumor, the author analyses the etiology, pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation as well as the rule of choosing the medical herbs and formulas.A clinical case was reported for better demonstration. [Results]In the perspective of Professor LU, the basic pathogenesis of gynecological tumor is"vital Qi deficiency while pathogenic Qi prevailing ,blood stasis induce tumor"and the pathological factors include blood stasis, phlegm wet, and Qi stagnation that deposit in the lower abdomen, stay in Chong Meridian, Ren Meridian and uterus, result in gynecological tumor gradually. The therapeutic princ for a period of timele is"strengthening health, dispersing blood stasis and eliminating lump".Professor LU uses"Xiaozheng Tang"to treat gynecological tumor such as uterine leiomyomas. As the case reported,the uterine leiomyomas decreased when patient was treated by "Xiaozheng Tang".[Conclusion]It has obtained satisfactory therapeatic result in the treatment of gynecological tumor with "Xiaozheng Tang" according to the rule of "strengthening the body resistance, dispersing blood stasis and eliminating lump".
ABSTRACT
Uterine leiomyomas are benign tumors arising from the myometrium and largely prevalent in the woman's reproductive years. The majority of women with leiomyomas either remain asymptomatic or develop symptoms gradually over time. When patients are symptomatic, the nature of their complaints is often attributable to the number, size, and/or location of their fibroids. Depending on a patient's symptomatology and reproductive plans, treatment options include expectant management, medical management (hormonal and non-hormonal), or surgical management (myomectomy or hysterectomy).
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Leiomyoma , MyometriumABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Despite their high occurrence and associated significant level of morbidity manifesting as spectrum of clinical symptoms, the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas (ULs) remains unclear. We investigated expression profile of tumour suppressor genes PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) and LKB1 (liver kinase B1), and key signaling components of P13K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt (protein kinase B)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway in leiomyomas and adjacent normal myometrium in women of reproductive age, to explore the possibility of targeting this pathway for future therapeutic implications. Methods: Real time PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify relative gene expression levels of PTEN, Akt1, Akt2, mTOR, LKB1 and VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) in leiomyoma as compared to adjacent normal myometrium. Immunohistochemistry was subsequently performed to analyze expression of PTEN, phospho-Akt, phospho-mTOR, phospho-S6, LKB1 and VEGFA in leiomyoma and adjacent normal myometrium. Results: Significant upregulation of PTEN (2.52 fold; P=0.03) and LKB1 (3.93 fold; P=0.01), and downregulation of VEGFA (2.95 fold; P=0.01) genes were observed in leiomyoma as compared to normal myometrium. Transcript levels of Akt1, Akt2 and mTOR did not vary significantly between leiomyoma and myometrium. An increased immunoexpression of PTEN (P=0.015) and LKB1 (P<0.001) and decreased expression of VEGFA (P=0.01) was observed in leiomyoma as compared to myometrium. Immunostaining for activated (phosphorylated) Akt, mTOR and S6 was absent or low in majority of leiomyoma and myometrium. Interpretation & conclusions: Upregulation of PTEN and LKB1 in concert with negative or low levels of activated Akt, mTOR and S6 indicates that PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may not play a significant role in pathogenesis of leiomyoma.
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Objective To assess the value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)map with low b-value to monitor the ablated tissue after high-intensity focused ultrasonic (HIFU)treatment for uterine fibroids.Methods 25 patients with 34 uterine fibroids were treated with HIFU.All patients underwent the routine MRI scans (including pre-and post-contrast scanning)and monoexponential model DWI with b values of 150,600 and 1 000 s/mm2 before the surgery and within 24 hours after the surgery.The mean ADC values with different b-values of the ablated and non-ablated tissues between pre-and post-treatment were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test.The consistency of the ablation area between ADC maps with different b-values and contrast enhancement MRI were evaluated. Results With the b-value of 150 s/mm2 ,the mean ADC value of the ablated tissue was (1.48±0.27)×10-3 mm2/s,which was less significantly than that of pre-treatment (2.06±0.21)×10-3 mm2/s and non-ablated tissue (1.98±0.23)×10-3 mm2/s (P0.05).A fine consistency of the ADC map with the low b-value (150 s/mm2 )was found with non-perfusion volume on contrast-enhanced T1 WI,which was superior to that with high b-values (600 s/mm2 and 1 000 s/mm2 )(P<0.05).Conclusion ADC map with low b-value (150 s/mm2 )can be used to evaluate the blood-supply changes and ablated volume of uterine fibroids indirectly,which helps to assess the treatment effect of HIFU.
ABSTRACT
Uterine leiomyomas are common (20-50%) in women of reproductive age. It is a benign tumor and it ranks second place among genital organ disorders in women.To date, abdominal laparotomy and laparoscopic surgical treatment (myomectomy and hysterectomy) are widely used to manage symptomatic leiomyomas.Although, hysterectomy is considered to be a radical method to manage uterine leiomyomas, women who have had hysterectomy are left totally infertile and they also are at risk to develop post-surgical and post-anesthetic complications. The advantage of myomectomy is to preserve women’s fertility and menstrual function but, the probability of recurrence of leiomyoma is 15-30% [1, 2]. Furthermore, depending on the location, size and number of fibroids, duration of surgery lingers, volume of blood loss is high and the risk to develop post surgical adhesions are high too.In recent, more than a decade period, effective and minimally invasive new, non-surgical methods to manage uterine leiomyomas have been introduced in many countries around the world. These methods have short recovery period and are advantageous to women to preserve their reproductive organ and fertility. They include: uterine artery embolization, uterine artery occlusion via transvaginal route and MRI– guided focused ultrasound surgery of uterine fibroids. Antiprogesterone-low-dose mifepristone for uterine leiomyomas are being introduced as well.In our country, managing leiomyomas surgically is still occupying high rate among surgical treatments. Further, to prevent and reduce complications of surgical treatment and to preserve organ, it is essential and imperative to introduce some of the above- mentioned contemporary non-surgical methods.
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The selection of appropriate candidates for uterine artery embolization with ultrasound is the key for obtaining accurate assessment and planning of the proper course for the proceduce. The patients should be followed-up after uterine artery embolization by ultrasound examination at different periods for the assessments of volume, echogenicity and vascularization of the fibroids as well as the uterine blood supply. After all, ultrasound gives important information especially concerning the vascularity of uterine leiomyomas before and after uterine artery embolization. Also it is a non-invasive and economic method in the determination of the efficacy in the early and late periods after the procedure. (J Intervent Radiol, 2006, 15: 568-570)
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Uterine artery embolization(UAE)is a safe and effective method for uterine leiomyomas but its long and middle term effects are definite. Furthermore it bears some exguisite comparision with the conventional therapy but not as a radical one, with a tendency. However, to develop new leiomyomas and recurrence after UAE, there for all patients should be monitored with clinical and imaging examinations for more than 2 years after the procedure. At present,a few literatures involving the factors that could influence the effects of UAE have been issued. It is necessary to carry on large-scale clinical research of the related factors influencing the results of UAE in order to guide clinical practice correctly and swiftly.(J Intervent Radiol, 2006, 15: 503-506)
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Objective To study the role of HMGA2 in the occurrence and the progression of uterine leiomyomas.Methods Fifty cases of uterine leiomyomas who met the inclusion criteria(aged 30-50 years old,free from hormone at least for 6 months before surgery,no other diseases,postoperative pathological diagnosis as uterine leiomyoma) admitted to our hospital from January to July 2003 were studied.The expression of HMGA2 mRNA in uterine leiomyomas and neighbour normal myometrium was detected by ISH.Results HMGA2 mRNA was strongly expressed in 30 cases of uterine leiomyomas but not expressed in neighbour normal myometrium.There was no difference in HMGA2 mRNA between proliferative stage and progestational stage.Conclusion The increased expression of HMGA2 in uterine leiomyomas may be important in the occurrence and the progression of uterine leiomyomas.